, A decade ago, archaeologists discovered the site of a Bronze Age battlefield in the Tollense Valley in north-eastern Germany. Dated to the early thirteenth century BC, the remains of over 140 individuals have been documented, along with many associated bronze objects. Here, the authors present a new assemblage of 31 objects from the site, including three bronze cylinders that may be the fastenings of an organic container. The objects are similar to those found in Bronze Age burials of southern Central Europe, and may represent the personal equipment of a warrior from that region who died on the battlefield in Northern Europe.
The Italian peninsula offers an excellent case study within which to investigate long-term regional demographic trends and their response to climate fluctuations, especially given its diverse landscapes, latitudinal range and varied elevations. In the past two decades, summed probability distributions of calibrated radiocarbon dates have become an important method for inferring population dynamics in prehistory. Recent advances in this approach also allow for statistical assessment of spatio-temporal patterning in demographic trends. In this paper we reconstruct population change for the whole Italian peninsula from the Late Mesolithic to the Early Iron Age (10,000–2800 cal yr BP). How did population patterns vary across time and space? Were fluctuations in human population related to climate change? In order to answer these questions, we have collated a large list of published radiocarbon dates (n = 4010) and use this list firstly to infer the demographic trends for the Italian peninsula as a whole, before addressing each of five sub-regions in turn (northern, central, and southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia). We also compare population fluctuations with local paleoclimate proxies (cave, lake, marine records). At a pan-regional scale, the results show a general rapid and substantial increase in population in the Early Neolithic with the introduction of farming at around 8000 cal yr BP and further dramatic increases during the Bronze and Iron Age (~ 3800–2800 cal yr BP). However, different regional demographic trajectories exist across different regions of Italy, suggesting a variety of localised human responses to climate shifts. Population and climate appear to have been more closely correlated during the early–mid Holocene (Mesolithic–Neolithic), while later in the Holocene (Bronze–Iron Ages) they decouple. Overall, across the Holocene the population dynamics varied by region and depended on the long-term socio-ecological dynamics prevailing in a given area. Finally, we include a brief response to the paper ‘Radiocarbon dated trends and central Mediterranean prehistory’ by Parkinson et al. (J Word Prehist 34(3), 2021)—synchronously published by Journal of World Prehistory but wholly independently developed—indicating how our conclusions accord with or differ from one another.
The site of Daba is a burial complex of great importance formed by numerous large collective graves containing hundreds of individuals each, accompanied by thousands of valuable goods. Daba is located on the east coast of Musandam Peninsula (Oman) and is surrounded by several Iron Age sites including both settlements and burial complex, as Tel Abrak, Masafi and Hili as settlements, Jebel Buhais, Shimal and Asimah as burial complex. The Daba site is, to date, represented by two Large Collective Graves (LCG1 and LCG2), by a later Parthian grave and by several pits used as ritual offering. Unlike other sites of the area, Daba collective graves are very well preserved and quite undisturbed. The archaeological evidence suggests that the whole area could have been a monumental tribute to tribal alliance dating to the end of II millennium BC. Besides the results of the preliminary geophysical prospecting point out us that in the area of the site there are at least other five collective graves of the same importance and magnificence The first burial monument is of rectangular shape, with a length of about 14 m and a width of 3,5 m. LCG1 returned human remains referable at least to 188 individuals and nearly 2000 precious goods, including bronze and steatite vessels, daggers, bracelets, arrowheads, decorated shell medallions and numerous beads and necklaces made in various materials (Genchi 2013; Genchi & Caputo 2013; Frenez & Genchi 2017). LCG2, continuously used from the Late Bronze Age (1600-1350 BC) until the Iron Age II/III Period (around 600 BC), is bigger than the first one (23 meters in length and 6 in width, included the outer arrangements). Thousands of objects have been recovered during the exploration of the grave, frequently associated to human remains referable to 28 individuals from primary burials and a minimum number of 250 individuals from secondary depositions (Genchi 2015; Genchi et alii 2017). Many phases of frequentation have been recognized, as well as different phases of restoration and reorganization of the building.
We study rare events data, binary dependent variables with dozens to thousands of times fewer ones (events, such as wars, vetoes, cases of political activism, or epidemiological infections) than zeros (“nonevents”). In many literatures, these variables have proven difficult to explain and predict, a problem that seems to have at least two sources. First, popular statistical procedures, such as logistic regression, can sharply underestimate the probability of rare events. We recommend corrections that outperform existing methods and change the estimates of absolute and relative risks by as much as some estimated effects reported in the literature. Second, commonly used data collection strategies are grossly inefficient for rare events data. The fear of collecting data with too few events has led to data collections with huge numbers of observations but relatively few, and poorly measured, explanatory variables, such as in international conflict data with more than a quarter-million dyads, only a few of which are at war. As it turns out, more efficient sampling designs exist for making valid inferences, such as sampling all available events (e.g., wars) and a tiny fraction of nonevents (peace). This enables scholars to save as much as 99% of their (nonfixed) data collection costs or to collect much more meaningful explanatory variables. We provide methods that link these two results, enabling both types of corrections to work simultaneously, and software that implements the methods developed.
Une précédente étude des mêmes auteurs, archéologues et géographes, a porté sur le territoire antique de la Cité de Luteva (Lodève, Hérault, France) pour en saisir la structure en matière d'accessibilités, de centralités et d'interactions spatiales. Il s'agit ici de généraliser le propos sur le même espace, qui recouvre une entité administrative et politique dans la longue durée, autour de quatre périodes de référence : Antiquité, Moyen Âge central, début et fin du XVIIIème siècle. L'objectif principal est d'apprécier les capacités de résilience et les ruptures du « système de villes » en Lodévois et d'en décrire les logiques d'organisations au moyen d'analyses spatiales appropriées.
This paper is a further attempt to apply Artificial Adaptive Systems to the analysis of complex natural and cultural phenomena through the lens of Analytical Archaeology. These phenomena are essentially understood to be the product of cognitive behaviour, in other words aspects, models and ideal types which represent it and can be analysed on a formal logical level. This introductory exploration leads to a strong syntactic diversification of logical inferences and a progressive human attempt to trace them back to the simulation of cognitive complexity. Artificial Adaptive Systems, as mathematical tools which express these emulative properties, are historiographically animated in the connectionist reaction to behaviourism and therefore effectively shape the social sciences’ attempts to ascribe the complexities developed by our brains to advanced, non-linear and dynamic computational models.
The history of archaeological computing has long been characterised by the distinction between the application of mathematical and statistical techniques, as part of the so-called movement of quantitative archaeology, and the use of databases and information systems for descriptive and documentary purposes. The intensity of the debate on the relationship between logic and computing, as well as between theory and applications, began to wave in the 1990s. Over time, data integration and new ICT tools have allowed archaeologists to address simultaneously all the issues raised by the archaeological research. This paper focuses on the evolution of methods and techniques in this specific research area, thanks to the analysis of literary sources, the Bibliography of Archaeological Computing, accessible via the Virtual Museum of Archaeological Computing website, and the scientific articles published in the open access international journal Archeologia e Calcolatori.
The Eastern European loess steppe represents one of the most substantial landform types on the continent, yet the impact on this region of the last glacial maximum (LGM), the coldest climatic episode during the last full glacial cycle, is relatively poorly understood. This is in part due to the comparatively small number of sites which have been reliably dated, and in part due to the need to better elucidate depositional models for loess environments at both local and regional scales. Here we present a high-frequency age–depth profile for the last 40 ky from a loess deposit at Urluia in southeastern Romania, using fine-grained quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and environmental magnetism analyses. Loess accumulation at the site for this period is well constrained by a clearly identifiable tephra deposit corresponding to the ca. 39 ka Campanian Ignimbrite. We show that the tephra is directly overlain by a relatively thin layer of loess corresponding to marine isotope stage (MIS) 3, which is partially overprinted by a weakly developed paleosol. The sequence is dominated by a 6–8 m package of primary loess of LGM age. The eight OSL samples from this package group together around a mean age of 21.6 ± 1.5 ka, and suggest rapid and substantial deposition during this phase. The uppermost part of the section indicates significantly reduced loess accumulation, during the deglacial period into the Holocene, less than 2 m in total thickness. The rapid accumulation of loess during the LGM at Urluia is consistent with increased sedimentation at other loess profiles in the Lower Danube basin, although the variable thickness of these deposits across the catchment highlights the need to more explicitly investigate depositional models for loess. The Urluia record complements emerging data which suggests that the Lower Danube loess steppe was cold, dry and windy during the LGM, yet experienced milder climates than comparable latitudes further west and north, and did not undergo periglacial activity.
LOD4Culture is a web application that exploits Cultural Heritage Linked Open Data for tourism and education purposes. Since target users are not fluid on Semantic Web technologies, the user interface is designed to hide the intricacies of RDF or SPARQL. An interactive map is provided for exploring world-wide Cultural Heritage sites that can be filtered by type and that uses cluster markers to adapt the view to different zoom levels. LOD4Culture also includes a Cultural Heritage entity browser that builds comprehensive visualizations of sites, artists, and artworks. All data exchanges are facilitated through the use of a generator of REST APIs over Linked Open Data that translates API calls into SPARQL queries across multiple sources, including Wikidata and DBpedia. Since March 2022, more than 1.7K users have employed LOD4Culture. The application has been mentioned many times in social media and has been featured in the DBpedia Newsletter, in the list of Wikidata tools for visualizing data, and in the open data applications list of datos.gob.es.
The GB1900 project used crowd-sourcing to transcribe all text from the second edition County Series six inch to one mile maps of Great Britain, published between 1888 and 1914, a total of c. 2.55m. geo-located text strings. These locate almost every farm and about half of all street names. The paper describes the final datasets, and how they were created. It then presents a detailed comparison with five other freely-available gazetteers of Britain: Geonames, the US government's NGA gazetteer, the Ordnance Survey's 50k and Open Names datasets, and the English Place Name Survey's DEEP project. Comparisons are presented at national level and, more qualitatively, for an area of eastern England. The results demonstrate both GB1900's greater volume of geo-located entries and its ability to locate places and features identified in other historical sources beyond administrative hierarchies: this is the most detailed historical gazetteer, certainly for Britain and possibly for anywhere. The final online system is described, including its integration of place name histories from DEEP.
The aims of TPAA Project (Traces Prehistoric in the Alpine Environment) are the research, promotion and protection of the archaeological heritage in the Lanzo Valleys in Graian Alps, Western Alps (Turin, Piedmont, Northwest Italy). This paper illustrates the GIS predictive model results for the identification of archaeological sites in Lanzo Valleys and the 2019-2020 field survey. The archaeological data stem from occasional findings or traces of rock art. The aim of the GIS predictive model is to identify Potential Archaeological areas for the presence of archaeological sites and to hypothesize any reconstruction of human frequentation dynamics in Western Alps. Predictive GIS model has been elaborated through the interpolation and interpretation of the different environmental and archaeological data available. In the GIS predictive model, criteria such as the geomorphology, distance to water resources, aspect, slope and the use of land were considered. Also, the methodology is an evolution of the one that has already been successfully employed in the Sessera Valley. The results of the GIS model are compared with archaeological data collected during field surveys in the Potential Archaeological areas.
In general, a territory can be considered as the centre which contains all information related to different historical ages. The study of a portion of a given territory characterised by the presence of archaeological sites must be aimed at the complete and accurate acquisition of environmental data (e.g. topography, geo-morphology, litho-stratigraphy, land use, etc.), which will be used for an overall study of the site, the reconstruction of the man-environment interaction, and the evaluation of possible applications of geophysical prospecting methods. By interpreting different sets of remote-sensing data, studying existing geological and geo-morphological information and through systematic field work (e.g. archaeological survey, geophysical investigations, etc.), a wide spectrum of environmental data can be collected. The methodology of a complete analysis of the territory can be summarised as follows: analysis of remote-sensing data sets and their geo-referencing; DTM of the selected study area; morphological and geological definition of the selected study area; identification, location and geo-referencing of all archaeological sites in the territory; high-resolution integrated geophysical prospecting methods, to delineate the extension of the site and to locate the archaeological structures; a complete description of the site in its environmental context; definition of an integrated analysis method, based on the spatial correlation of the different data sets; study and design of a GIS for the management of all data sets which have been collected, elaborated and interpreted; definition of a model for the knowledge and protection of the historical and environmental aspects of the territory.
The first section of this article concerns the theme of Humanities Computing teaching. Most experts agree with the opinion that Humanities Computing is an independent discipline - which studies the problems of formalisation and models, crossing all humanities disciplines (linguistic, literature, history, archaeology, history of art, history of music) - and as such it should be introduced into the Faculties of Humanities. The academic organisations are beginning to acknowledge the importance of teaching computer applications to the students, but their approach is far from consistent. The integral proposal of a new independent scientific-disciplinary sector, submitted by a group of experts to be approved by the Italian CUN (Consiglio Universitario Nazionale), is therefore presented. The second part of the article deals with the results of an enquiry, carried out in 21 Italian Universities, on how Humanities Computing is being introduced into the curricula of the Faculties of Humanities. Many relevant quantitative data are illustrated, which clearly clarify both the necessity to distinguish between the simple alphabetisation and the teaching of applications for research, as well as the urgency to solve in this sector of studies the problem of teachers on temporary contracts.
The paper illustrates the recent evolution of web architectures and the choices made for the web portal of 'Archeologia e Calcolatori'. The website needed an urgent restyling to update its ASP platform, even though for 15 years it had performed its interactive work very well. Today, the ASP language is no longer supported by Microsoft and the infrastructural choices of the CNR are and will be increasingly oriented towards the world of open source and LAMP architectures (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP/Phyton). For this reason, a transformation was not only suggested, but vital. It was therefore decided to completely renew the website, a task consisting of about 70 physical pages to be rewritten in PHP. This work transformation has helped to pave the way for new technologies that today are modifying the web architecture of the entire WWW and that will soon allow us to implement new services and functions. Particular attention was paid to the most significant phenomena in the innovative technological panorama of Web Information Systems, with particular emphasis on the Semantic Databases and the new RIA (Rich Internet Application) technologies, the latter a splendid evolution of client-side web architectures.
Il volume "lo sguardo di Icaro", curato dall'istituto centrale del catalogo e della documentazione in collaborazione con il Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche e l'università di Lecce, ha lo scopo di illustrare le collezioni di fotografie aeree storiche dell'aerofototeca nazionale come strumento fondamentale per la conoscenza e la valorizzazione dei beni culturali attraverso le applicazioni alla ricerca e all'attività quotidiana di tutela, valorizzazione e gestione, nel settore storico, archeologico, monumentale e ambientale. L'aerofototeca è stata costituita nel 1959 per contribuire allo studio e alla tutela dei beni archeologici, architettonici e paesaggistici del territorio italiano attraverso le immagini aeree; si è progressivamente arricchita con acquisizione di coperture territoriali più o meno ampie, realizzate da enti militari (soprattutto aeronautica militare e istituto geografico militare) e società private e di imponenti fondi storici: si ricordano le collezioni di riprese aeree del territorio italiano eseguite durante il secondo conflitto mondiale dalla Raf britannica, dall'usaf statunitense e dalla luftwaffe tedesca. Nel tempo sono confluiti nelle raccolte dell'iccd i consistenti archivi di grandi società di aerofotogrammetria in dismissione, recuperando in tal modo prezioso materiale altrimenti destinato alla distruzione, e un buon numero di riprese finalizzate, realizzate da mezzi militari su richiesta di Soprintendenze ed enti di ricerca, soprattutto per usi archeologici o in occasione di gravi calamità naturali. Attualmente l'aerofototeca conserva oltre due milioni di immagini di vario formato, solo in parte catalogate, riprese essenzialmente dal 1930 agli anni '80 ed un numero minore di immagini più antiche, a partire dal 1898, riprese da pallone frenato, dirigibile, velivoli vari. Le riprese aeree, eseguite per motivi diversi legati alle attività sul territorio, più spesso con finalità militari o belliche, fotografano situazioni progressive, precisamente datate, documentando in sostanza la storia del territorio con levate replicate talvolta con continuità periodica nelle stesse zone; costituiscono perciò un contenitore di informazioni dirette ed assolutamente oggettive, utilizzabili per le analisi storiche e per molti differenti ambiti di intervento del patrimonio culturale, ma anche per analisi, la progettazione, la conservazione ed il "restauro" Del paesaggio e dell'ambiente. Al contributo della fotografia aerea all'analisi urbanistica e territoriale, da sempre largamente utilizzato, si aggiunge la finalizzazione specifica alle ricerche archeologiche, che fu in realtà il motivo principale della Costituzione dell'aerofototeca: come noto le riprese aeree, specialmente quelle precedenti l'uso intensivo dei mezzi meccanici in agricoltura, conservano spesso le tracce visibili e misurabili di strutture antiche interpretate la foto interpretazione archeologica, negli ultimi anni incrementata dalle potenzialità degli strumenti informatici, è oggi patrimonio specialistico di pochi ricercatori e funzionari, ma costituisce in realtà uno strumento di lavoro quasi indispensabile per il censimento e la catalogazione dei beni e nell'attività operativa delle Soprintendenze.
The aim of this PhD research was to investigate in a new light the settlement dynamics of human communities in Southern Etruria between 1150 and 850 BC. The hypothesis is that the changes that took place in the primary economy, specifically regarding the agro-pastoral exploitation of the territory, played a key role in the phenomenon of the Protourban Turn: the transition from the village communities of the Final Bronze Age to the first urban centers of the early Iron Age. To verify this assumption, a series of landscape archeological and land evaluation techniques were applied to the territory of Southern Etruria in order to reconstruct the degree of suitability of the landscape for agro-pastoral exploitation. To apply these techniques efficiently and render the analyses replicable, a digital predictive model of the landscape and a tool for the ArcGIS software were created, capable of calculating, for the area pertaining to each settlement: 1) the extent of woods, pastures and cultivated fields; 2) the annual food production of both vegetable and animal origin; 3) the maximum sustainable size of the population. Through these data, the socio-political models proposed up to now in the literature have been tested, confirming, and enriching them.
In our daily work, small self-made scripts, home-grown small applications and small hardware devices significantly help us to get work done. These little helpers - “little minions” - often reduce our workload or optimise our workflows, although they are not often presented to the outside world and the research community. Instead, we generally focus on presenting the results of our research and silently use our small tools to generate these, without not even pointing to them, especially to the source code or building instructions. In archaeology, research software is underrepresented in conference talks as well as in research publications. We have to promote these little minions in the RSE community and make them visible. That is why we created a Working Group for Little Minions at the CAA (https://caa-international.org) conference for digital archaeological research and created a session that focus on these “little minions” and invite researchers to share their little helpers, so that the scientific community may benefit and - perhaps - create spontaneously special minion interest groups. In such a minion session we are focussing on lightning talks - aka “minion talks” - where a wide range of tools are shared. Each “minion talk” explains the innovative character and mode of operation of the digital tool. Open Science is the aim of the little minions. Therefore, our aim is that all minions are non-proprietary, open and freely available (e.g. GitHub, GitLab, etc.). The last are not obligatory and tools that are not (yet) available can also be accepted.A constantly expanding list of little minions can be found at https://github.com/caa-minions/minions. In this poster we will present our concept to promote research software at scientific conferences and share our experience on the idea.
Many studies in air, soil, and water research involve observations and sampling of a specific location. Knowing where studies have been previously undertaken can be a valuable addition to future research, including understanding the geographical context of previously published literature and selecting future study sites. Here, we introduce Literature Mapper, a Python QGIS plugin that provides a method for creating a spatial bibliography manager as well as a specification for storing spatial data in a bibliography manager. Literature Mapper uses QGIS’ spatial capabilities to allow users to digitize and add location information to a Zotero library, a free and open-source bibliography manager on basemaps or other geographic data of the user’s choice. Literature Mapper enhances the citations in a user’s online Zotero database with geo-locations by storing spatial coordinates as part of traditional citation entries. Literature Mapper receives data from and sends data to the user’s online database via Zotero’s web API. Using Zotero as the backend data storage, Literature Mapper benefits from all of its features including shared citation Collections, public sharing, and an open web API usable by additional applications, such as web mapping libraries. To evaluate Literature Mapper’s ability to provide insights into the spatial distribution of published literature, we provide a case study using the tool to map the study sites described in academic publications related to the biogeomorphology of California’s coastal strand vegetation, a line of research in which air movement, soil, and water are all driving factors. The results of this exercise are presented in static and web map form. The source code for Literature Mapper is available in the corresponding author’s GitHub repository: https://github.com/MicheleTobias/LiteratureMapper
Rsagacmd provides an R scripting interface to the open-source System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses Geographical Information System software SAGA-GIS. The current version has been tested using SAGA-GIS versions 2.3.1 to 9.2 on Windows (x64), macOS and Linux. Rsagacmd provides a functional approach to scripting with SAGA-GIS by dynamically generating R functions for every SAGA-GIS tool based on the user's current SAGA-GIS installation. These functions are generated by the saga_gis function and are included within an S3 object as a named list of libraries and tools. This structure facilitates an easier scripting experience by organizing the large number of SAGA-GIS tools (>700) by their respective library. Interactive scripting can also fully take advantage of code autocompletion tools (e.g. in Rstudio), allowing for each tool's syntax to be quickly recognized. Furthermore, the most common types of spatial data (rasters using the terra and stars packages, and vector data using sp, sf or terra packages) along with non-spatial data are seamlessly passed from R to the SAGA-GIS command line tool for geoprocessing operations, and the results are automatically loaded as the appropriate R object. Outputs from individual SAGA-GIS tools can also be chained using pipes from the magrittr and dplyr packages to chain complex geoprocessing operations together in a single statement.
Over the last five years global positioning systems (GPS) and electronic total stations (ETS) have become viable tools for use in archaeological field mapping. When used in conjunction GPS and ETS can generate precise, accurate, and georeferenced three-dimensional digital data sets in real time. As survey work proceeds, associated attribute tables incorporating field measurements and commentary can also be created, and the entire dataset can be imported directly into a geographic information system (GIS). This technique may be called precision digital mapping, and produces accurate, high density data sets of unprecedented richness. The revolutions in data management, visualization, and analysis made possible by GIS are now being mirrored by a revolution in field mapping techniques.
One of the major barriers to the deployment of Linked Data is the difficulty that data publishers have in determining which vocabularies to use to describe the semantics of data. This systematic report describes Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV), a high
The Linked Open Ogham Data Project was set up in 2019 by the Research Squirrel Engineers Network and supported by the Wikimedia Germany Open Science Fellows Program in 2020/2021. In 2022 an Ogham survey was done in Ireland to record Ogham stones in the field and museums. The project aims at providing and integrating Ogham Data in community hubs such as Wikidata and Open Street Map (OSM). This paper shows a hybrid Ogham LOD workflow, based on the idea of Open Science, Open Software, Open Data and the FAIR principles to create re-usability and modular IT infrastructure with community standards and commonly-used interfaces. Furthermore, the paper shows examples of Ogham stones from the Dingle and Iveragh Peninsulas in OSM and gives a deeper insight into the inscriptions and mentioned Ogham-specific formula words and names.
This article presents a detailed overview of the principal languages for the representation, interchange and exploitation of data, both textual and graphical. In particular, a detailed discussion is made of the procedure of text encoding. The approach taken in the article emphasises the importance of the World Wide Web for data dissemination and the fundamental issue of standards: HTML, XML and its derivate languages are analysed in detail. Importance has been given to the languages that represent not only the characters that textual sources contain but also the structure, content and appearance of the data. Two types of markup languages are presented: procedural and descriptive. A procedural markup specifies how the document should be presented. Descriptive (or logical) markup languages describe the structure of a document, such as SGML. The article considers the topics of international standards as the TEI Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange for the description of marked-up electronic texts and the RDF metadata recommendation. The first section concludes with a presentation of the innovative aspects of the Semantic Web. The second part focuses on spatial, graphical and multimedia data, and their display and exchange over the Web. The development of the Geography Markup Language (GML) is introduced and discussed, as well as other vector formats derived by XML, such as SVG, to construct structured spatial and non-spatial information for data sharing over the Web. Importance has also been given to the virtual reality languages such as VRML, an ISO standard, and the XML-based X3D. In conclusion the article aims to present a broad view not only of the technical aspects of data encoding but also the analysis of the standards, which are fundamental in the light of data interoperability and exchange
This massive three volume set publishes the proceedings of the 2006 Limes conference which was held in Leon, a total of 138 contributions. Naturally these cover a vast range of topics related to Roman military archaeology and the Roman frontiers. The archaeology of the Roman military in Spain, and contributions by Spanish scholars are prominent, whilst other themes include the internal frontiers, the end of the frontiers and the barbarians in the empire, the fortified town in the late Roman period, soldiers on the move and the early development of frontiers . Further sessions had a regional focus. Majority of essays in English, some in Spanish, German and Italian
This paper provides a personal account of the challenges of developing digital methods within an interpretive landscape archaeology framework. It reviews current criticisms leveled against the use of model-based tools, e.g., GIS-based, within this framework. Currently, the absence of, or distance between, methods and theory is considered to be an important limitation when adopting such orientation. This gap is largely due to the particular nature of the theoretical sources informing this framework. This paper suggests the need for middle ground/bridging concepts, i.e., concepts that enable the instantiation within concrete archaeological contexts of various aspects discussed within an interpretative framework, as a way to shorten this gap. It also highlights the importance of the nature of representations when applying digital methods and their key role when producing new archaeological information. Finally, it attempts to elevate the role that model-based methods and simulations can play within an interpretive landscape framework, and to insist on the development of new middle ground solutions (methods and concepts) when existing tools do not meet our theoretical challenges.
Abbiamo fatto diverse scansioni con il Lidar dell'iPad 2020: ecco cosa può fare oggi e cosa potrà fare sull'iPhone 12 Pro. Un sensore piccolissimo che può dare vita ad applicazioni uniche se ben sfruttato.
