The project "3D-Digging at Çatalhöyük" began in 2010 thanks to collaboration between Stanford University (Archaeological Center) and the University of California Merced with the scope to record, document (with different digital technologies) and visualize in virtual reality all the phases of archaeological excavation. Phase I (2010 excavation season) of the project was mainly oriented to test different technologies during the excavation (time of flight and optical laser scanners). In phase II (2011 excavation season) the UC Merced team initiated the excavation of a Neolithic house (building 89), recording all the layers by time phase-shift scanners and computer vision techniques. The recording of the excavation process through the use of digital technologies gave the team the ability to generate 3D models of layers and micro-stratigraphies in stereovision during the excavation (using stereo projectors), so as to stimulate a new digital hermeneutics in archaeology. At the end of the fieldwork all the 3D models are accessible through a Teleimmersive system created by UC Merced and UC Berkeley.
Several new tools to obtain three-dimensional information from unorganized image sets are now available for the public use. The main advantage of this software, which is based on dense stereo matching, is the possibility to generate 3D content without the need of high-cost hardware (e.g. 3D scanning devices). Nevertheless, their use in real-world application domains (like cultural heritage) is still not very diffused, due to the non-straightforward usability of the raw data produced. In this paper, we investigate the use of automatic dense stereo reconstruction tools for the monitoring of an excavation site. A methodology for the effective acquisition and processing of data is presented. In addition, the results of the data assessment demonstrate the repeatability of the data acquisition process, which is a key factor when qualitative analysis is performed. The use of three-dimensional data is integrated in an open source mesh processing tool, thus showing that a spatio-temporal analysis can be performed in a very intuitive way using off-the-shelf or free/open digital tools. Moreover, the use of peculiar rendering and the creation of snapshots from arbitrary points of view increase the amount of documentation data, and suggest a perfect integration of data produced with dense stereo matching in the future standard documentation for excavation monitoring.
This article summarizes the results of archaeological and geological research conducted on medieval and post-medieval buildings. The bell tower of the Basilica of San Severo (Classe, RA) and the Monte Erno Tower (Galeata, FC) underwent a complete 3D reconstruction. An archeological analysis of the brickworks was also carried out. The archaeological study of a number of castles in the Romagna hillsides has been enriched by a more thorough geological examination, which focused on the lithological characteristics of the stones and the sites from which the original building materials were acquired. Furthermore, we present a study of the Rontana Castle (Brisighella, RA) watering system.
Lo straordinario sviluppo delle tecnologie a disposizione e l'espandersi del campo delle applicazioni specifiche hanno imposto, nell'ambito del rilievo, un nuovo metodo di gestione della complessità dei dati che emergono dall'approccio scientifico con la realtà dell'architettura e della città, sia storica sia contemporanea. Attraverso un percorso che parte dal disegno per arrivare alle metodologie operative del rilievo, questo testo risponde alla necessità di affrontare da un punto di vista didattico le problematiche nate dall'evoluzione della disciplina in questa direzione. Grazie alla decennale esperienza didattica degli autori, il "Manuale di rilievo architettonico e urbano" è quindi uno strumento utile agli studenti che vengono guidati e accompagnati nello studio di questa disciplina.
Historical seismicity is mainly defined from historical sources which are not always available. Yet historical buildings are a unique opportunity to record and study effects of past earthquakes at a given place. An innovative methodology is defined to improve knowledge of local historical seismicity. Such a methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach combining: analysis of historical sources, stratigraphic analysis and structural analysis of an historical building. The church of Sant’Agata del Mugello (Italy, Tuscany) is considered as a case of study. The stratigraphic analysis is performed by identifying the repairs using the RECAP methodology. 80 repairs units using 13 building techniques are identified in the church. The identified repairs are associated with unknown events, earthquakes or routine reconstructions. When post-earthquake reconstructions are found, damage mechanisms are associated with them. 13 constructive phases of the church have been traced combining stratigraphic analysis and historical sources. A proto-church was built before 948 A.D. and is nowadays below the current one. The first phase of the current church appears between the 9th and the 12th century. A significant event of unknown origin occurred during the 12th century which probably led to an important collapse and then a significant reconstruction of the church. The church is then deeply affected by the 1542 seismic event (epicentral macroseismic intensity 9, deduced magnitude 6.02) which resulted in the collapse of the upper part of the bell tower and the two lateral chapels as well as the overturning of the front wall and of the two lateral walls of the nave. The 1611 seismic event (epicentral macroseismic intensity 7, deduced magnitude 5.1) damaged the upper part of the bell tower as described in historical records. In spite of the confirmed occurrence of seismic events in the area from the middle of the 17th century and the beginning of the 20th century, no information relating seismic damage of the church has been found in historical records nor in the startigraphic analysis. The most important earthquake which struck the area on June 19th, 1919, produced only some small cracks in the church (magnitude 6.38).
This work deals with the application of archaeological methods and modern methodologies of point clouds survey to structural analysis, with the purpose of creating a series of products, such as Elevation Maps, Orthophotos, 3D Models, in order to highlight the building and mechanical past of the examined buildings and to further the knowledge of the territory's seismic history. These products are to be used as a base for the study of the cognitive process of the material structure, the constructive techniques and the restoration of a specific context, of importance for future vulnerability and restoration analyses. The present paper will focus on the trinomial “technology-archaeoseismology-earthquakes” in order to bring to the attention of the scientific community the advantages and critical issues of an innovative point of view. The historical center of Florence and, specifically, the church of San Remigio, has been chosen as a case study to illustrate the methodology.
The contribution will outline a methodological program designed with the purpose of offering an innovative and multidisciplinary analysis of seismic protection techniques in historical architecture of Mugello, a medium-high risk seismic on the Apennine mountain range between Tuscany and Emilia Romagna. Although the existence of specific expedients used for seismic prevention is an accepted topic by the scientific community, many a time their recognition is dependent on the experience of researchers dealing with analysis. In fact, such measures, in many cases, are used for structural purpose allowing simultaneously protection from movements caused by earthquakes. How can we document and periodize these type of techniques and recognize an “anti-seismic” conception? An answer to this may only be found through a careful analysis complementing a deep knowledge of the building methods of the area under study, that can allow the breaking up and dating of the single construction and destruction actions present in a building, leading to the identification of some “uncommon” elements in respect to traditional construction techniques, being able to interpret a specific function. It is thus only through the analysis of this complex mechanism that is established over time, with the reading of the instability of macro-elements and the definition of the construction history of the building, that integrates a subdivision of construction typology with a stratigraphic decomposition of the artefact, that identification of “anomalies” within the building becomes possible. Applying this research methodology to a building, or even better to a whole area, allows the identification and dating of the potential presence of “safeguards” related to earthquakes, that is all architectural elements of various form, nature, raw material, etc., put into use during or after the construction of a building to mitigate, repair or oppose the effect of terrestrial movement.
The archaeological survey of architectures, if supported by structural and diagnostic analyses, can offer the possibility of documenting and interpreting transformations undergone by buildings related to specific dynamics in response to destructive natural events occurring over time. This data, if correctly interpreted, can have significant repercussions in areas where the knowledge of historical seismicity is conditioned by the lack of historical sources. A case study is offered by the Casentino, a territory located in eastern Tuscany in the province of Arezzo. The area has been affected by a number of historical earthquakes and features numerous architectural evidence related to the medieval period, many of which are still in exceptionally well-preserved condition. The archaeological analyses carried out on the architecture in this area along with construction material characterization, three-dimensional surveys, and the diagnostic analyses have permitted the documentation of instabilities and restoration activities related to possible traumatic events, offering newfound insights both from the historical-constructive point of view and in relation to the chronologies and dynamics linked to historical seismicity.
Mugello is a medium-high seismic risk area situated on the Italian Apennine mountain range, between Tuscany and Emilia Romagna. The territory is characterized by a large presence of long duration settlements characterized by well-preserved historic buildings, most of which are religious’ architectonical complexes. An area of Mugello, between 2010 and 2014, was characterized by the project “Archaeology of Buildings and seismic risk in Mugello”, a research focused on testing the potential information of the process of archaeological analysis of buildings as a form of knowledge, prevention and protection of medieval seismic risk settlements. Among the results that have emerged from the archaeoseismological investigation have played a central role the considerations pertaining to the supplying and use of building materials for the construction and modification of architectural structures, in a period between the late Middle Ages and the Modern Age.
Il volume accoglie i contributi presentati al convegno “Archeologia dell’Architettura: temi e prospettive di ricerca”, dedicato a fare il punto della situazione sullo stato dell’archeologia medievale, sia dal punto di vista metodologico sia da quello contenutistico, con l’intento di riorganizzare tutte le importanti acquisizioni che questa disciplina ha maturato soprattutto nei tempi più recenti, oltre che riaffermarne i punti fondamentali. Le quattro sezioni che raccolgono i testi infatti trattano ogni sfaccettatura del tema proposto: prospettive possibili, prevenzione e restauro, archeologia dell’architettura nelle città, dialogo archeologia-storia. Apre il volume un ricordo di G.P. Brogiolo dedicato a Tiziano Mannoni.
This volume deals with the very current issue of prevention and protection of the historical buildings from seismic risk, offering a methodology of investigation, called “archaeoseismology”, developed within university environments and refined by several discussions with professionals and experts of the field. The text is not only intended for an audience with an archaeological background, but also for the different people operating in the field of cultural heritage and seismic risk, be these architects, restorers, structural engineers, historians or seismologists. The book, therefore, aims at acting as a first step towards the affirmation of a news discipline, analysing and enhancing its applicability and potential, and providing unpublished and indispensable data for the knowledge, enhancement and protection of cultural heritage.
Lo straordinario sviluppo delle tecnologie a disposizione e l'espandersi del campo delle applicazioni specifiche hanno imposto, nell'ambito del rilievo, un nuovo metodo di gestione della complessità dei dati che emergono dall'approccio scientifico con la realtà dell'architettura e della città, sia storica sia contemporanea. Attraverso un percorso che parte dal disegno per arrivare alle metodologie operative del rilievo, questo testo risponde alla necessità di affrontare da un punto di vista didattico le problematiche nate dall'evoluzione della disciplina in questa direzione. Grazie alla decennale esperienza didattica degli autori, il "Manuale di rilievo architettonico e urbano" è quindi uno strumento utile agli studenti che vengono guidati e accompagnati nello studio di questa disciplina.
This volume has been produced by European Association of Archaeologist (EAA) as a result of the contributions presented by different authors during the sessions held under the general heading “Architectural Archaeology” in Lisbon (Portugal) in 2000,
In questo contributo si focalizza l’attenzione sulla ricostruzione grafica e virtuale del patrimonio e sulle sensazioni che la ricostruzione evoca nel fruitore del messaggio culturale. La ricostruzione si attua mediante la collaborazione tra archeologo e illustratore e costituisce un momento di verifica visiva dell’interpretazione archeologica e uno strumento di comunicazione del dato archeologico fruibile a più livelli. Ciò avviene grazie allo scambio costante di informazioni (dati scientifici e proposte di ricostruzione) e il confronto che ne deriva determina i metodi e le fasi di avanzamento del progetto. Il metodo si basa sull’integrazione delle immagini 3D con il disegno tradizionale ed è finalizzato alla trasposizione del dato archeologico, in modo tale da garantire alla ricostruzione il duplice requisito di soddisfazione estetica e credibilità scientifica.
En el segundo volumen de la serie dedicada a la Arqueología de la construcción se publican las actas del workshop «I cantieri edili dell’Italia e delle province romane: Italia e province orientali», celebrado en Siena (Certosa di Pontignano, 13-15 de
A partire dal pontificato di Gregorio XIII, in occasione del giubileo del 1575, in vista del grande afflusso di pellegrini, venne realizzato il primo granaio pubblico sulla piazza di Termini ; a seguire realizzarono altri depositi, Paolo V nel 1609, Urbano VIII nel 1639 e Clemente XI nel 1705, tutti collocati nella stessa area e tutti utilizzando murature delle antiche Terme di Diocleziano. Alla conclusione della loro sequenza costruttiva, stante anche la notevole mole ed estensione dei fabbricati, l’area di Termini acquisì il carattere di un vero e proprio centro annonario pontificio. L’analisi architettonica dei progetti e dei documenti di fabbrica rinvenuti presso gli archivi, lo studio dei disegni giunti fino a noi, insieme ai rilievi effettuati sulle strutture ancora esistenti, hanno consentito all’Autore di trarre le caratteristiche funzionali comuni a tutte le realizzazioni contenute, peraltro, anche nei progetti rimasti sulla carta presso il porto di Ripa grande, in quello che prevedeva il ritutilizzo delle strutture del Templum pacis al Foro romano, oppure nel riadattamento e ampliamento del granaio costruito sul molo di Civitavecchia nel 1764 per iniziativa di Benedetto XIV.
L'archeologo somiglia al saggio investigatore, che si avvale di un metodo universale e di tanti specifici sussidi. Ma somiglia anche a un direttore d'orchestra, a cui non sfuggono suoni imperfetti di archi, arpe, legni, ottoni e percussioni; o piuttosto a un regista, al quale non sfugge il dettaglio errato di un vestito o l'incongruità di un arredo. Perciò l'archeologia deve trattare tutti gli oggetti e tutte le relazioni fra di essi, includendo tutti i saperi utili. Altrimenti si resta abbracciati al frammento o poco più, come un naufrago al suo pezzo di legno. Perché il titolo La forza del contesto? Perché la vita che sempre si muove e si rinnova ha bisogno di una inclinazione che componga e diriga gli sforzi, i desideri, le speranze. Questa forza può stare non in una cosa singola, ma nell'insieme delle relazioni che alle cose conferisce reciproca attrazione, congruità, significato e valore. Ecco perché quando l'archeologo scava, assorbito nelle caratteristiche dell'oggetto, non deve mai dimenticare le persone vive che lo hanno fatto, anche se il loro nome non è inciso sul manufatto, né deve dimenticare se stesso e la società che lo circonda.
In this paper we present the research strategy adopted during our archaeological survey in Lixus (Larache – Morocco). The aim of the project was to update the existing topographical documentation, based on previous researches, and to create the
In recent times, archaeological documentation strategies have been considerably improved by the use of advanced 3D acquisition systems. Laser scanning, photogrammetry and computer vision techniques provide archaeologists with new opportunities to investigate and document the archaeological record. In spite of this, the amount of data collected and the geometrical complexity of the models resulting from such acquisition processes have always prevented their systematic integration into a geographic information systems (GIS) environment. Recent technological advances occurred in the visualization of 3D contents, led us to overcome the aforementioned limitations and set up a work pipeline in which was possible to put the 3D models not only in the context of data visualization but also in the frame of spatial analysis. The case study described is a part of the Swedish Pompeii Project, a research and fieldwork activity started in 2000 with the purpose of recording and investigating an entire Pompeian city block, Insula V 1. As an additional part of the research, a laser scanning acquisition campaign was conducted in the last few years. The resulting models were thus meant to be used to develop further research lines: Among these, a 3D GIS system was expected to be set up with the purpose to (i) collect in the same geo-referenced environment, different typologies of documentation gathered in the context of the Swedish Pompeii Project; (ii) inter-connect 3D models with the project website; (iii) use the third dimension as a further analytical field of investigation, in the form of spatial analysis and cognitive simulation.
La republication par J. Boube de l'inscription I.A. M., 2, 307, oblige à une nouvelle interprétation de ce document. Le jeune Q. Antonius, C(aii) f(ilius), Tranquillus Saturninus ne peut plus être considéré comme un decurión, ni donc comme un citoyen de Volubilis. Il est decurion et citoyen de Sala. Mais, du même coup, son appartenance à la tribu Claudia tend à démontrer que les citoyens de Sala étaient inscrits dans la même tribu. Comme c'est l'empereur Claude qui conféra la tribu Claudia, en Mauretanie Tingitane comme dans d'autres provinces, aux cités qu'il transforma en municipes ou en colonies, on peut en déduire que le municipe de Sala, tout comme celui de Volubilis, doit sa création à Claude, et non point à Trajan, comme on l'a parfois supposé.
Du sud de la Libye au Maroc nord-atlantique, de nombreux vestiges de structures liées au captage, à la circulation, à la distribution, ou encore au stockage de l’eau témoignent de la capacité d’adaptation des populations antiques et médiévales aux contraintes de leur environnement. La diversité des solutions mises en œuvre pour l’exploitation des ressources hydriques, dans cette vaste région aux conditions hydrographiques inégales mais somme toute relativement limitées, incite à une relecture des sources littéraires, épigraphiques et des données archéologiques souvent réactualisées par de récentes observations de terrain. Les communications présentées en mars 2002 lors du colloque international de Tunis n’offrent pas seulement un panorama des installations hydrauliques selon les régions. Appuyées par des analyses techniques et de nouveaux apports chronologiques, elles abordent également la question de l’origine, de l’évolution et de la transmission des savoirs faire, sans négliger les aspects de gestion et de réglementation relatives à l’utilisation des ressources en eau. Considérant les conditions topographiques, géologiques, pluviométriques, les auteurs s’interrogent sur l’alimentation en eau des cités, tout autant qu’ils attirent l’attention sur les installations rurales et agricoles et montrent à quel point la question du contrôle et de la distribution de l’eau dans le Maghreb antique et médiéval demeure un vaste champ d’étude au sein duquel les recherches systématiques méritent d’être poursuivies.
Introduzione. Il territorio e le materie prime: E. Gliozzo, Inquadramento geografico e geologico del territorio del Marocco; A. Santagostino Barbone, E. Gli
Les fontaines monumentales constituaient des marqueurs essentiels du paysage urbain de l’Antiquité. Dans les villes du Maghreb romain et tardo-antique, elles occupaient une place privilégiée que leur accordaient peu d’autres régions de l’empire. Cet ouvrage prend en considération les provinces romaines d’Afrique, entre Atlantique et Tripolitaine, au cours des six premiers siècles de notre ère. Les analyses et les résultats de cette recherche se fondent sur un catalogue d’édifices et un corpus épigraphique inédits. Soulignant les enjeux passés et présents dans l’étude de l’hydraulique antique, l’enquête retrace l’histoire des explorations archéologiques en Afrique du Nord, pour s’intéresser ensuite aux relations entre terminologie et classifications typologiques modernes et dresser un tableau de l’évolution morphologique des fontaines monumentales antiques. L’analyse technique et architecturale des édifices constitue le cœur de cette étude qui prend également en compte la gestion des aménagements hydrauliques et la perception des fontaines dans le tissu urbain. Il s’agit ici de considérer les fontaines monumentales comme des composantes de la ville et du réseau hydraulique. Cette réflexion envisage ainsi l’ensemble de la circulation et des usages de l’eau et ambitionne plus largement de penser la civilisation urbaine, les aménagements de la ville antique et ses transformations sur la longue duré
This article reports on a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy. The archaeological area, approximately 150 × 80 m, contains more than 350 finds spread all over the forum as well as larger mural structures of previous buildings and temples. The interdisciplinary 3D modeling work consists of a multi-scale image- and range-based digital documentation method developed to fulfill all the surveying and archaeological needs and exploit all the intrinsic potentialities of the actual 3D modeling techniques. The data resolution spans from a few decimeters down to few millimeters. The employed surveying methodologies have pros and cons which will be addressed and discussed. The results of the integration of the different 3D data in seamlessly textured 3D model are finally presented and discussed.
Dedicato ad Augusto, scritto tra il 27 e il 23 a.C., e diviso in dieci libri, il De Architectura è al tempo stesso un libro di bottega, un riferimento teorico ideale, un canone incontrastato del classicismo architettonico, che fonde nella sua trattazione elementi tratti dalle discipline più svariate: aritmetica, geometria, disegno, musica, astronomia, ottica, medicina, giurisprudenza, filosofia. In questa edizione la traduzione italiana è accompagnata dal testo latino a fronte, dalle note e da un commento archeologico e architettonico.
The Graeco-Roman theatre of Catania stands in the heart of the historic centre, on the south-eastern slopes of the hill of Montevergine. The building visible today was built during the Julio-Claudian period as part of a programme that saw the rebuilding of the monument, which probably used structures and materials from the earlier Greek theatre. The work undertaken over more than fifty years, involving expropriation, demolition, excavation, and restoration, has, on the whole, made it possible to bring to light the surviving parts of the theatre, improving the comprehension of this monument, despite the fact that some sectors have been irreparably compromised.
This paper investigates immersive technologies to increase exploration time in an underwater archaeological site, both for the public, as well as, for researchers and scholars. Focus is on the Mazotos shipwreck site in Cyprus, which is located 44 meters underwater. The aim of this work is two-fold: (a) realistic modelling and mapping of the site and (b) an immersive virtual reality visit. For 3D modelling and mapping optical data were used. The underwater exploration is composed of a variety of sea elements including: plants, fish, stones, and artefacts, which are randomly positioned. Users can experience an immersive virtual underwater visit in Mazotos shipwreck site and get some information about the shipwreck and its contents for raising their archaeological knowledge and cultural awareness.
ItIl rapido sviluppo delle ICT e la crescente disponibilità di strumentazioni e software anche a basso costo ha consentito, ad una vasta piattaforma di utenti, di sperimentare le potenzialità offerte dalle tecnologie digitali a servizio del Patrimonio Culturale. La conseguente grande diffusione di rappresentazioni digitali ha portato, dopo un lungo percorso, nel 2009, alla stesura della “Carta di Londra” che ha l’obiettivo di stabilire dei principi metodologici generali per le applicazioni di visualizzazione digitale nel settore della ricerca e della comunicazione dei Beni Culturali. I “Principi di Siviglia” rappresentano una implementazione della Carta di Londra, specificamente riferita al campo dell’archeologia. L’esperienza condotta può rappresentare un interessante riferimento per il campo dell’architettura, per il quale, tuttavia, sembrano necessarie alcune riflessioni di ordine disciplinare e metodologico. Pertanto il contributo vuole offrirsi come base di riflessione sulla possibilità di declinare i principi della “Carta di Londra” al settore dell’architettura storica e, più in generale, sulle problematiche ed opportunità offerte dalle tecnologie e strumentazioni digitali nel rilievo, visualizzazione e rappresentazione dei Beni Architettonici.EnThe rapid development of ICT and the increasing availability of low cost tools and software for a wide platform of users have favored the studying of the possibilities given by digital technologies applied to Cultural Heritage. The consequent widespread use of digital representations of Cultural Heritage led in 2009, after a long process , the drafting of “The London Charter" which aims to establish general methodological principles for digital visualization in the research and communication field of Cultural Heritage. The “Principles of Seville” represent an implementation of the London Charter, specifically related to archaeology. The gained experience should be an interesting reference for the architectural field, for which, however, it seems necessary some disciplinary and methodological considerations. Therefore the paper want to be a base point to develop a consideration on the opportunity to decline the principles of “The London Charter” in the architectural heritage field and, more generally, on the issues and opportunities offered by advanced digital technologies and tools for architectural heritage surveying, visualization and representation.
The dissemination of reality-based models allows a more exhaustive knowledge of the object of study and enables a better access through real-time applications running on common devices connected to the web. In addition, difficult-to-appreciate works of art can become object of specifically designed serious educational games through the possibilities allowed by game engines. The definition of a pipeline that leads from a reliable acquisition of shape, color and BRDF features to a motivating and satisfying interactive experience is the focus of this paper. It will be analyzed, in an interdisciplinary perspective, and will undergo a series of steps aimed at preserving the features of the work of art without compromising its realistic and fluid visualization, as well as the characteristics at the base of the stylistic and artistic quality.
This book is a definitive architectural study of Roman theatre architecture. In nine chapters it brings together a massive amount of archaeological, literary, and epigraphic information under one cover. It also contains a full catalogue of all known Roman theatres, including a number of odea (concert halls) and bouleuteria (council chambers) which are relevant to the architectural discussion, about 1,000 entries in all. Inscriptional or literary evidence relating to each theatre is listed and there is an up-to-date bibliography for each building. Most importantly the book contains plans of over 500 theatres or buildings of theatrical type, as well as numerous text figures and nearly 200 figures and plates.
